With the continuous improvement of long-term survival rates among solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients, de novo malignancy (DNM) following transplantation have become a critical factor impairing long-term prognosis and causing non-organ-failure-related mortality. The risk profile and disease spectrum of DNM vary across different types of SOT recipients, modulated by multiple factors including ethnicity, primary underlying diseases, intensity of immunosuppression, regional environmental conditions, and patterns of viral infection. Distinct differences exist in demographic characteristics and cancer epidemiology between Chinese SOT recipients and their Western counterparts, rendering overseas evidence and recommendations not fully applicable to clinical practice in China. Against this backdrop, the Organ Transplantation Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine convened multidisciplinary experts to formulate the Clinical Practice Guidelines on De Novo Malignancies After Solid Organ Transplantation in Adult in China. Integrating domestic and international evidence-based medical data alongside real-world clinical experience in China, this guideline proposes clinical recommendations for risk assessment, screening, surveillance and management of post-transplant DNM specifically tailored to adult Chinese SOT recipients, so as to provide evidence-based references for clinical identification, monitoring and standardized management of DNM in this population.

Highly pathogenic fungi are classified as Category Ⅱ pathogenic microorganisms in the Catalogue of Pathogenic Microorganisms Transmissible to Humans. With the increasing use of histopathology, fungal culture, serological assays, mass spectrometry-based identification, and high-throughput sequencing in the diagnosis of difficult-to-identify infections, these pathogens are increasingly detected, isolated, and re-identified from clinical specimens, thereby creating an urgent need for standardized management of diagnosis-related positive cultures, suspected isolates, confirmed strains, and residual infectious materials. The spore-producing nature, prolonged environmental survival, and dimorphic transition confer distinctive biological characteristics that render strain preservation, transport, inactivation, and retirement management particularly challenging. Current regulations provide only general principles for preservation, transport, and inactivation, lacking technical specifications tailored to fungal biology. The Fungal Study Group of the Chinese Medical Association Dermatology Branch, in collaboration with multidisciplinary experts, systematically reviewed domestic and international regulations and literature, conducted preliminary investigations to generate a pool of candidate items, and employed a modified Delphi method to solicit expert opinions. Consensus was defined as simultaneously meeting the following four criteria: (1)≥ 75% of experts scoring 4-5 (agree/strongly agree); (2)<10% of experts scoring 1-2 (strongly disagree/disagree); (3)< 20% of experts scoring 3 (neutral); (4)a median score≥ 4. Evidence levels and recommendation strengths were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. Nine recommendations were ultimately formulated, covering seven domains: prerequisites for biological safety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories, preservation zoning and container management, inbound and outbound inventory verification, intra-hospital and inter-institutional transport, liquid and solid material inactivation, emergency response to leakage, post-exposure medical management, and strain retirement and disposal. This consensus represents China′s first operational technical document specifically addressing preservation, inventory handling, operation, transport and shipping, disposal, risk management, and emergency response of highly pathogenic fungal strains. It aims to translate statutory requirements into fungal-specific, enforceable, verifiable, and traceable technical standards, providing a management framework for qualified laboratories engaged in pathogenic diagnosis, re-identification, and strain management.

Single-port robotic adrenalectomy offers advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery in terms of reduced postoperative pain and superior cosmetic outcomes, however, there is currently no unified standard for surgical protocols or patient selection criteria either domestically or internationally. This consensus was based on a review of 108 Chinese and English publications and a standardized questionnaire survey involving 45 senior urology experts from 40 tertiary hospitals across China. It provides systematic recommendations covering preoperative evaluation, surgical approaches, equipment and instruments, key procedural steps, complication management, and surgeon training. The consensus recommends that a maximum tumor diameter of <5 cm as the primary indication. Tumor size, location, and patient obesity are important factors affecting the difficulty of single-port surgery, and the transperitoneal approach is preferable for relatively large or inferiorly located tumors. Key operative points for the single-port robotic adrenalectomy are specified. A graded management strategy is proposed for complications, including hemorrhage, visceral injury, incisional hernia, and adrenal insufficiency. This consensus aims to standardize clinical workflows, reduce complication risks, and lay a foundation for the broader adoption of this technique and for future high-quality clinical research.

Urethral catheterization is one of the most fundamental routine clinical procedures. Males are more prone to difficult catheterization due to the anatomical characteristics of the urethra. Blind manipulation may cause iatrogenic urethral injury and long-term urethral stricture, yet unified domestic standards are currently absent in China. Based on the GRADE evidence grading system, combined with domestic and international evidence-based medical data and the actual clinical practice in China, the consensus on the management of difficult male urethral catheterization has been formulated. This consensus clarifies the standardized definition and three-tier clinical grading criteria for difficult male urethral catheterization, and systematically sorts out risk factors including benign prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stricture, pelvic trauma and iatrogenic manipulation. It standardizes preoperative assessment and tiered procedural workflows, and recommends a stepwise management algorithm consisting of conventional catheterization, coude catheterization, guidewire-assisted catheterization, endoscopic-guided catheterization, and suprapubic puncture cystostomy. Strategies for the prevention and treatment of complications such as hemorrhage, false passage, infection and secondary urethral stricture are elaborated in detail, and tiered training for medical staff, procedural quality control and consultation protocols are also proposed. The consensus emphasizes that non-urological practitioners shall promptly refer patients to specialized urologists when encountering high-risk scenarios such as catheter resistance or hematuria, to avoid repeated forceful catheterization. This consensus provides unified, actionable guidance for medical staff at all levels of medical institutions to manage difficult male urethral catheterization, standardizes clinical workflows, and lowers the risk of urethral injury caused by inappropriate catheterization operations.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are rapidly being applied across all segments of colorectal cancer management, including cancer screening, endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, imaging and pathological analysis, therapeutic decision‐making, intraoperative assistance, and follow‐up management. Nevertheless, substantial disparities exist among various AI systems in terms of task definition, data sources, validation methodologies, performance metrics, safety thresholds, and real‐world clinical practicability. There is an urgent need to establish a dedicated evaluation framework tailored to clinical scenarios specific to colorectal cancer. To address this demand, the Colorectal Surgery Group of the Chinese Society of Surgery (Chinese Medical Association), the Colorectal Cancer Committee of China Anti‐Cancer Association, and the Colorectal Surgeon Expert Group of the Surgeon Branch (Chinese Medical Doctor Association) jointly assembled a working group composed of specialists covering colorectal surgery, digestive endoscopy, medical imaging, pathology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, artificial intelligence, medical statistics, medical informatization, medical ethics, and regulations. Through systematic literature retrieval, collation of existing clinical guidelines and regulatory documents, expert letter consultations, and panel discussions, the working group formulated 13 recommendations graded by levels of evidence and strength of recommendation, and developed the Expert Consensus on Evaluation Standards for Artificial Intelligence Applications in Colorectal Cancer (2026 Edition). This consensus establishes a tiered evaluation framework centered on seven core dimensions: algorithmic performance, clinical safety, clinical efficacy, user experience, model interpretability, ethical compliance, and continuous supervision. It further clarifies targeted evaluation requirements for key AI application scenarios, including AI‐assisted lesion detection during endoscopy, AI‐aided diagnosis via imaging and pathological slides, generative AI and clinical decision support, intraoperative AI assistance, and real‐world surveillance of AI systems. The consensus underscores that AI systems shall only serve as auxiliary clinical tools and must not replace clinicians to independently render diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical decisions. Prior to clinical deployment, all AI systems for colorectal cancer shall undergo rigorous validation commensurate with their risk classification, implement disease‐specific safety red lines, mandate mandatory clinician review, and enforce full‐lifecycle supervision throughout clinical use.

In 2026, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association issued the "2026 guideline for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke" (referred to as the "2026 guideline"). This update revises the 2018 guideline and its 2019 addendum, incorporating the latest advances in the field. Key updates of the 2026 guideline include the incorporation of new evidence related to thrombolytic choice and eligibility, determination of eligibility for endovascular thrombectomy, and management of hyperglycemia and dysphagia; a focused consideration for the pediatric population; and an optimized strategy for assessing contraindications to thrombolysis. In order to facilitate the in-depth understanding and better application of the guidelines by medical staff, update points of the 2026 guideline are summarized.

With the advancement of surgical techniques and refinement of perioperative management, the long-term survival rate of liver transplant recipients has significantly improved, making the management of de novo malignancy (DNM) increasingly critical. Compared with the general population, adult liver transplant recipients suffered from an approximately 10-fold higher risk of developing DNM and a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of mortality. DNM has become the most common cause of death for recipients surviving more than 10 years after transplantation. To standardize and optimize the diagnosis, therapeutics, and management of DNM in adult liver transplant recipients, the Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association and Branch of Organ Transplant Physicians of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organize experts to systematically review and analyze domestic and international evidence-based medical data, combined with clinical practical experience in China, and establish the Clinical practice guideline for diagnosis and treatment of de novo malignancy in adult liver transplantation recipient (2026 edition). This guideline elucidates the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, screening strategies, prevention and therapeutic principles of DNM in adult liver transplant recipients, and proposes a series of scientific recommendations, aiming to improve the post-transplant quality of life and long-term survival rates.

In January 2024, the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH) released the "ICSH guidance for internal quality control policy for hematology analyzers". Based on current practices and requirements for internal quality control in different countries, as well as the diversity of laboratory practice and recommendations from commercial internal quality control providers, the guidance provides recommendations on quality control methods, sources and concentration levels of control materials, quality control frequency, and statistical decision rules. This article interprets the guidance and in line with the requirements of China's industry standard WS/T 641-2018, focuses on the selection of control materials and concentration levels, quality control frequency, and statistical interpretation rules for hematology analyzers, aiming to help medical laboratories and manufacturers better understand and apply the guidance.

To develop the "Expert Consensus on Nursing Standards for Uterine Fibroid Arterial Embolization Intervention (2026 Edition)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Consensus"), aiming to standardize perioperative nursing care for patients undergoing transarterial embolization for uterine fibroids. Through systematic literature retrieval, based on domestic and international relevant medical and nursing guidelines, expert consensus, combined with evidence-based evidence and clinical practice experience, a draft consensus was formed. Fifty-five experts and scholars in interventional vascular medicine and related fields were invited to repeatedly revise the draft, continuously improving it to form the final consensus. The Consensus covers preoperative specialized nursing assessment for uterine fibroids, risk factor interventions, patient-controlled analgesia management, preoperative preparation, postoperative care, prevention and nursing strategies for complications, and pre-discharge health education.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system, characterized by insidious early manifestations, marked heterogeneity, and a high risk of postoperative recurrence or metastasis in some patients. Current expert consensus indicates that conventional tissue biopsy and imaging modalities have inherent limitations in dynamic disease monitoring and the assessment of tumor heterogeneity. Due to its minimal invasiveness, repeatability, and capacity for real-time dynamic evaluation, liquid biopsy has become an important focus in precision oncology. Circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, and non-coding RNAs are regarded as key liquid biopsy biomarkers in RCC. Among these, circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs have attracted increasing attention because of their relative stability and well-characterized regulatory functions, demonstrating considerable potential in the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostic assessment of RCC. Based on the latest evidencebased evidence and clinical practice from China and abroad, this consensus summarizes the current research and clinical utility of noncoding RNAs in liquid biopsy for RCC, and formulates five key consensus statements. These are intended to offer Chinese urologists more explicit references and standardized advice for the prevention and treatment of RCC, thereby further enhancing patient benefit.

Acute spine and spinal cord injury is one of the serious types of injuries with a high disability rate in trauma patients, typically caused by high-energy injury mechanisms such as falls from height, traffic collisions, and violent impacts. It is characterized by rapid onset, severe illness, and complex treatment. Due to the involvement of multifaceted pathological alterations such as spinal fracture-dislocation, spinal cord compression, and neurological dysfunction, the entire treatment process includes important milestones such as early assessment and grading, rapid transport and imaging diagnosis, timely decompression and fixation, prevention and control of complications, and rehabilitation management. This consensus is developed based on the latest international and domestic guidelines and literature evidence, combined with clinical practice in China, through multidisciplinary collaboration among experts in orthopedics, neurosurgery, critical care medicine, emergency medicine, and rehabilitation medicine. It aims to standardize the early identification and grading, imaging evaluation and surgical treatment, perioperative management, and rehabilitation intervention for adult acute spine and spinal cord injury in China, so as to improve the overall rescue level and functional prognosis. This consensus has been registered on the Practice guidelines REgistration for transPAREncy (PREPARE) platform, with the registration number PREPARE-2025CN1399.