To evaluate the features of carotid web (CW) by ultrasonography.

A total of 66 patients with CW were retrospectively enrolled from January 2018 to June 2019 at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. All patients were examined by both ultrasonography and CTA, and were divided into either a<50% stenosis group (54 cases) or a ≥50% stenosis group (12 cases). The ultrasonographic characteristics of CW, including the length, thickness, direction (forward or backward to the flow), acute angle between the web and carotid wall, and thrombus between the web and carotid wall were compared between the two groups. The stenosis degrees of carotid artery were compared between patients with and without ischemic stroke.

Forty-two (42/66, 63.6%) patients were diagnosed with CW by initial CDFI examination, of whom 21 (21/66, 31.8%) were diagnosed with ulcerative plaque and 3 (3/66, 4.5%) were diagnosed with carotid dissection at first but confirmed by second examination. There were no differences in the web length, thickness, direction, or thrombus detected between the two groups (P>0.05). The angle between the web and carotid wall in the<50% stenosis group was significantly smaller than that of the ≥50% stenosis group (median angel 39o vs 73o, P=0.002), and the percentage of patients with an angle≤ 60o in the<50% stenosis group was significantly higher than that of the ≥50% stenosis group (74.1% vs 41.7%, P=0.042). The diameter of the residual carotid artery at CW location in the<50% stenosis group was significantly larger and peak systolic velocity was significantly higher in the<50% stenosis group than in the≥50% stenosis group (P<0.001). The stenosis degrees of carotid artery were not statistically different between patients with and without ischemic stroke (P=0.321).

Ultrasonography can be used to evaluate the characteristics of carotid web in 2D and color mode. When the angle between the CW and carotid wall is large, the carotid artery stenosis ≥ 50% is more likely to happen, but carotid artery stenosis is not the main cause of ischemic stroke.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of sling exercise, therapeuticultrasound, therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise in patients to alleviate pain and improve lumbar function with lumbar disc herniation.

Individuals were selected from a list of patients being followed at the department of Rehabilitation in the third hospital of Hebei Medical University. 30 patients who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation were collected, the diagnoses were established upon medical history, physical examination, and results of imaging studies. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: therapeuticultrasound group received 14 sessions of ultrasonic therapy to the lumbar region, Sling exercise group received 14 sessions of sling exercise, and therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise group received therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise therapy 14 sessions of therapeuticultrasound to the lumbar region,7 sessions per week, 2 weeks. The VAS and ODI were compared with the assessment of the patients before and at the end of the therapy.

At the end of treatment, three groups VAS scores (F=3.069, P=0.043) and ODI scores (t=12.676, P<0.001) was lower than that at the beginning of treatment (P<0.05), at the end of treatment the VAS scores (F=59.400, P<0.001) and of the ODI scores (t=12.737, P<0.001) of ultrasonic and sling exercise therapy group was lower than the other group, the difference is significantly.

All three groups could reduce pain and improve lumbar function, and the ultrasonic and sling exercise therapy was most effective for lumbar disc herniation treatment in the three groups.

To analyze the treatment of different types of traumatic cerebral infarction in children, and explore its pathogenesis in combination with literature so as to improve the cure rate and reduce disability rate.

The clinical data of 42 cases of traumatic cerebral infarction in children were retrospectively analyzed in The Hospital of 81^st Group Army PLA from January 2015 to December 2019. The diagnosis of traumatic cerebral infarction in children was made by CT scan and MRI scan. According to different conditions, children with traumatic cerebral infarction were classified, and different treatment strategies were selected. Children with lacunar infarction were treated with calcium antagonists and neurotrophic drugs, supplemented by hyperbaric oxygen and exercise rehabilitation. The children of focal cerebral infarction and complex cerebral infarction treated by junior dehydrant and hormone also included the calcium antagonist and nutritional nerve drugs. The therapeutic regimen perhaps adjusted by the evolution of the disease. The children of extensive cerebral infarction underwent emergency cranial decompression, and was treated by reducing intracranial pressure and preventing complications after operation. The treatment results and recovery were observed.

In 42 cases of traumatic cerebral infarction in children, 35 cases (83.3%) were good recovery, 4 cases (9.5%) were moderate disability, 2 cases (4.8%) were severe disability, 1 case (2.4%) died, and no vegetative state. The good recovery rate of lacunar infarction was 100%, that of focal cerebral infarction was 62.5%, that of mixed cerebral infarction was 60%, and that of extensive cerebral infarction was 50%.

It is of great significance to improve the therapeutic effect and prognosis of children with traumatic cerebral infarction to adopt different treatment schemes for different types of cerebral infarction.

To characterize the patients with supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the Tibetan Plateau over an altitude of 4000 meters.

A total of 68 cases with supratentorial hypertensive ICH were retrospectively included in Ali Regional People’s Hospital from January 2017 to September 2018. The clinical and laboratory data were collected. A simple linear correlation analysis was applied to analyze the correlation between the amount of bleeding and sex, age, nationality, time from onset , systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hemoglobin (Hb), serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol. According to computed tomography (CT) findings, 68 cases were divided into the basal ganglia ICH group (33 cases) and the lobar ICH group (35 cases). The characteristics between two groups were analyzed using t-test or χ² test.

The data of sex, age, nationality, time from onset, SBP, DBP, Hb, TG, and cholesterol of 68 cases on admission did not show any definitive correlation with the hematoma volumes (P＞0.05). The SBP and DBP of patients in the basal ganglia ICH group were significantly higher than that in the lobar ICH group, respectively [(184.9±28.5) mmHg vs (164.6±24.4) mmHg; (113.0±18.1) mmHg vs (103.0±18.4) mmHg] (t=0.499, 0.486; P=0.002, 0.033).

The relevant factors of hematoma volumes in patients with ICH in plateau area were not yet clear. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure of patients in the basal ganglia ICH group was higher than that in those in lobar ICH group.

To compare the efficacy evaluation of electrospun composite biomaterials and a porcine small intestine submucosa mesh for hernia repair.

A randomized, single-blind, controlled multicenter trial was performed in 3 hospitals in Shanghai. Eligible adult patients with primary unilateral reducible groin hernias were randomly assigned (1∶1) to electrospun composite biomaterials (experimental group) or porcine small intestine submucosa (control group) mesh groups. Patients were treated with the tARB technique and assessed at 1,3 and 6 months after the surgery. The primary endpoint was hernia recurrence. The secondary endpoints were postoperative complications including groin pain and operative site infections.

172 patients were assigned to experimental (n=86) and control (n=86) groups. At 6 months follow-up, postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (5/86, 5.95%) and 2 (2/86, 2.35%) patients in the control and experimental groups, respectively (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS or SVS score between the two groups.

We demonstrate that electrospun composite biomaterial mesh can be used as a ideal choice for inguinal hernia repair. Electrospun composite biomaterial has the characteristics of low recurrence rate, absorbability and long-term comfort.It can be further applied in clinical practice in the future.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)remains one of the most complicated hepatobiliary operations. The development of minimally invasive surgery for PD has always been an hot spot. Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD) has not been widespread carried out due to its difficulty and long learning curve. LPD accounts for 9% of all PD, according to the National Cancer Data base. Compared with laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery system has significant advantages in the field of minimally invasive PD, including stereotactic amplified vision, filtering hand tremor and simulating the wrist. The article would review the surgical techniques and notes, which could provide clinical reference for other surgeons.

To investigate the role of kinesin family member 18A (KIF18A) in breast cancer and its impact on cellular biological behaviors, and explore its potential as a novel molecular target for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

A total of 138 TNBC surgical specimens were collected from the Foshan First People's Hospital between August 2012 and December 2016. Tissue microarray was used to detect KIF18A expression, and its impact on patients' overall survival was analyzed. KIF18A-overexpressing and KIF18A-knockdown TNBC cell lines were constructed [overexpression: H23570 group (experimental group) and overexpression NC group (control group); knockdown: Y20559 group (experimental group) and knockdown NC group (control group)]. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration abilities were assessed using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, Transwell assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of related signaling pathway proteins and explore the potential mechanism of KIF18A. The chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation between KIF18A expression and clinical indicators. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate independent prognostic factors. Measurement data conforming to a normal distribution were presented as

The expression of KIF18A differed significantly between patients of different ages (≤48 years vs >48 years, 71.4% vs 49.1%, χ²=4.478, P=0.034) and tumor sizes (≤3 cm vs >3 cm, 67.9% vs 43.0%, χ²=8.111, P=0.004). The OS of KIF18A low expression group (n=64) was significantly higher than that of KIF18A high expression group (n=74) at all time points, with distinct separation of survival curves between two groups (HR=4.330, 95%CI: 2.277-6.252, P<0.001). High KIF18A expression (HR=3.080, 95%CI: 1.374-6.906, P=0.006) and advanced TNM stage (HR=2.551, 95%CI: 1.204-5.402, P=0.014) were independent risk factors for OS in TNBC patients. The mRNA expression levels of KIF18A in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-453 and BT474 cell lines were 9.042±0.074, 5.340±0.108, 6.040±0.171 and 7.068±0.259, respectively, with significant differences among groups (F=274.67, P<0.0001). Compared with the corresponding control group, KIF18A overexpression promoted cell proliferation (t=5.450, P=0.031), whereas KIF18A knockdown had no significant effect on cell proliferation (t=1.708, P=0.163). Cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by the KIF18A inhibitor Sovilesib at a concentration of 18.77 μmol/L. KIF18A overexpression mainly suppressed early apoptosis (P<0.05), while KIF18A knockdown increased the overall apoptotic level (P<0.001). In the overexpression group, the migration rate of H23570 cells was significantly higher than that of the overexpression NC group [(80.18±2.96) % vs (38.18±4.32) %, t=13.901, P<0.001]. KIF18A knockdown did not significantly affect cell migration ability initially, but after 72 hours, the migration ability of TNBC cells with KIF18A knockdown was significantly lower than that of knockdown NC group (P<0.001). KIF18A overexpression enhanced cell invasion ability (t=29.502, P<0.001), while KIF18A knockdown exerted an inhibitory effect on cell invasion (t=20.210, P<0.001). Western blot results demonstrated that compared with the control group, KIF18A overexpression upregulated the expression levels of mTOR, PD-L1, and CDK4 (t=7.471, 9.729, 4.064, all P<0.05) and downregulated PARP1 expression (t=12.310, P<0.05) in the H23570 group. Conversely, KIF18A knockdown reduced the expression levels of mTOR, PI3K, Akt, PD-L1, Cyclin D1, and CDK4 (t=2.792, 6.035, 4.091, 15.750, 12.940, 3.979, all P<0.05) in the Y20559 group.

High expression of KIF18A is correlated with poor prognosis and malignant biological behaviors of TNBC, and KIF18A may play its role by regulating the expression of proteins such as CDK4/cyclin D1.

To investigate the efficacy of different first-line treatment methods in hormone receptor-positive, HER-2-negative (HR+/HER-2-) breast cancer patients with bone-only metastases (BOM).

Clinical data of 373 HR+/HER-2- breast cancer patients with BOM between October 2001 and November 2018 in the Senior Department of Oncology Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the different initial treatment, including chemotherapy (CT) group (initial CT group, n=165) and endocrine therapy (ET) group (initial ET group, n=208). Patients without disease progression at least 3 months after initial treatment were divided into different groups based on their maintenance therapy, including continuous CT (CT cohort), maintenance ET following initial CT (CT-ET cohort) and continuous ET (ET cohort). The clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors were analyzed between different treatment groups. The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis, and Cox regression model for multivariate analysis. Propensity score matching and standardized mean difference with inverse probability weighting were adopted to evaluate the balance between groups. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

The median progression-free survival (PFS) of patients in the initial CT group and the initial ET group was 10 months (95%CI: 6.76-13.23) and 12 months (95%CI: 10.33-13.66), respectively, while the median overall survival (OS) was 61 months (95%CI: 45.42-76.57) and 52 months (95%CI: 41.28-62.71), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (χ²=1.057, 1.044, both P>0.05). After propensity score matching, both initial CT and ET group had 106 cases, with median PFS of 12 months (95%CI: 8.70-15.29) and 14 months (95%CI: 11.48-16.51), indicating a significant difference (χ²=4.254, P=0.039); and the median OS was 68 months (95%CI: 49.20-86.79) and 64 months (95%CI: 51.21-76.79), indicating no significant difference (χ²=0.018, P=0.894). A total of 332 patients showed no disease progression for at least 3 months after initial treatment, including 58 in the CT cohort, 82 in the CT-ET cohort, and 192 in the ET cohort. The median PFS for the CT cohort, CT-ET cohort and ET cohort was 6 months (95%CI: 6.74-11.20), 19 months (95%CI: 21.60-30.43), and 13 months (95%CI: 15.45-19.62), indicating a significant difference (χ²=59.586, P<0.001). The median OS was 48 months (95%CI: 46.16-68.64), 72 months (95%CI: 70.78-93.54), and 54 months (95%CI: 61.40-80.91), indicating a significant difference (χ²=5.984, P=0.050). After inverse probability weighting, the median PFS was 7 months (95%CI: 5.00-12.00), 20 months (95%CI: 16.00-25.00), and 13 months (95%CI: 12.00-16.50) in the three corhort, with significant differences among groups (χ²=51.493, P<0.001). The median OS was 46 months (95%CI: 32.00 to not reached), 92 months (95%CI: 61.00-114.00), and 54 months (95%CI: 48.00-67.00), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=5.334, P=0.069). The Cox multivariate analysis results showed that different first-line treatment methods (CT-ET cohort vs CT cohort: HR=0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.06; ET cohort vs CT cohort: HR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.40-0.81) was an independent factor affecting PFS; the time from diagnosis to recurrence (≥24 months vs <24 months, HR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.46-0.89) was an independent influencing factor of OS.

In HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients with BOM, after propensity score matching, the median PFS of initial ET was better than that of initial CT among the patients in the front-line preferred endocrine group, and the median OS of the two groups of patients was similar. In patients without progression after initial first-line therapy, the CT-ET cohort yielded better outcomes than CT or ET cohort.

To systematically evaluate the incidence and influencing factors of radiation dermatitis (RD) in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.

A meta-analysis was conducted on the incidence of RD and its influencing factors in breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy in the CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, OVID, CINAHL and Cochrane Library, and the time range was from the establishment of the database to December 2024. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening, quality evaluation and data collation, and used RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.0 software for statistical analysis.

A total of 33 articles were included, of which 24 articles reported the incidence of RD in 8 696 breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and the overall incidence of RD was 82% (95%CI: 69%-91%). Intensive irradiation (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 1.22-1.83, P<0.001), large breast volume (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.04-1.16, P<0.001), body mass index ≥25 kg/m² (OR=1.29, 95%CI: 1.11-1.51, P<0.001), conventional fractionated radiotherapy (OR=1.97, 95%CI: 1.33-2.94, P<0.001), smoking (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.00-2.50, P=0.050), diabetes (OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.12-1.95, P<0.05), chemotherapy before radiotherapy(OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.06-1.47, P<0.05), and use of compensation membranes (OR=3.53, 95%CI: 2.74-4.55, P<0.001) were risk factors for RD in patients undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. However, the results of this study could not support hypertension (OR=1.16, 95%CI: 0.82-1.66, P=0.550) and age (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.99-1.04, P=0.230) as the risk factors for RD in breast cancer patients with radiotherapy.

The incidence of RD in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy is high due to various factors, among which intensified irradiation, large breast volume, body mass index ≥25 kg/m², conventional fractionated radiotherapy, smoking, diabetes, chemotherapy before radiotherapy and use of compensatory membranes increase the risk of RD.

近年来，产后乳腺癌（PPBC）因其在年轻女性中的高发病率和较差的预后而受到广泛关注。研究表明，PPBC的风险受到分娩的影响，且与哺乳时间呈负相关。随着对PPBC发病机制的深入研究，越来越多的因素如乳腺组织复旧时微环境变化、哺乳、妊娠相关免疫功能变化以及乳腺成体干细胞水平变化等被证实与PPBC发病有关。在精准医疗的背景下，开发可靠、易行的检测手段如乳管镜检查和乳汁中游离循环 DNA测定，对于早期发现PPBC至关重要。这些进展为制定个体化的治疗方案、改善PPBC患者的预后和生活质量提供了科学依据，为PPBC的精准治疗提供了新的可能性。

乳腺癌是全球女性发病率和死亡率均居前列的恶性肿瘤，其治疗的异质性与预后预测的复杂性均是临床研究的核心挑战。近年来，肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL）作为一种新兴的生物标志物，在乳腺癌的精准分层与治疗中展示出重要价值。笔者围绕乳腺癌精准诊疗中的关键问题，系统探讨TIL在患者分层、预后预测和免疫治疗优化中的作用，重点分析TIL在不同乳腺癌分子亚型中的浸润特征与功能差异，评估其作为预后和免疫反应预测标志物的潜力；同时对比多种评估方法的优缺点，并展望过继TIL治疗的临床应用前景。期望为乳腺癌的个体化免疫治疗提供参考，推动TIL在临床实践中的规范化应用。

三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）是乳腺癌中最具侵袭性的分子亚型，与早期复发和远处转移的高发生率、治疗耐药的频繁发生以及不良预后相关。由于TNBC缺乏ER、PR及HER-2的表达，目前尚无靶向治疗被批准用于治疗TNBC，常规化疗仍是临床主要的治疗选择，但大多数TNBC患者会对化疗产生耐药性，从而导致不良的临床结果。近年来，传统中草药雷公藤及其提取物由于可下调XRCC1、PARP1、NF-κB、CDK1/4、Twist1、Notch1等多种肿瘤干细胞相关基因表达的能力，在治疗TNBC方面受到了广泛关注。本文总结了从传统中草药雷公藤中提取的天然化合物对TNBC的抗癌作用及相关机制。雷公藤提取物能够通过不同的途径抑制体外人TNBC细胞生长和TNBC异种移植乳腺肿瘤的生长，有望成为治疗TNBC的新型药物。

Depressive disorder in children and adolescents represents a growing public health concern, with its prevalence rising annually. Characterized by complex etiologies and significant functional impairment, untreated depression in this population can lead to chronic mental health issues in adulthood, presenting substantial challenges to both clinical services and public health systems. While the causes are often understood within a biopsychosocial framework, the unique developmental stage of childhood and adolescence introduces specific risk factors distinct from those seen in adults. This article reviews the multifactorial etiology of pediatric and adolescent depression, aiming to inform early screening and precision prevention efforts, and to guide developmentally appropriate intervention and treatment strategies.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, primarily characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. With an estimated prevalence of approximately 8.0%, ADHD often persists into adulthood. Traditional explanations of its pathophysiological mechanisms mainly focus on abnormalities in the dopamine and norepinephrine pathways in the brain. However, a growing body of research is expanding the perspective to the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), revealing that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis and development of ADHD through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of the characteristics of the gut microbiota in children with ADHD, the MGBA pathways involved, and related intervention studies, aiming to provide insights for understanding the mechanisms of the gut-brain axis in ADHD and developing precise intervention strategies.

Depression disorder, as one of the main factors causing disability worldwide, has long been confronted with key challenges in clinical treatment, such as low response rates to therapeutic drugs and significant side effects. Against this backdrop, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as a non-invasive treatment technique, has demonstrated unique advantages in the treatment of depression. At its core, rTMS utilizes electromagnetic pulses to regulate the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex, avoiding the systemic effects brought by drug metabolism. Although existing research has systematically evaluated treatment regimens with different stimulation parameters, current clinical applications still face predicaments such as insufficient mechanism explanation and unclear molecular pathways underlying neural plasticity changes. Exosomes, as a crucial messenger for intercellular information transmission, have seen a highly significant association between the specific miRNA spectra that they carry and the synaptic remodeling process confirmed by multiple studies in recent years. This natural information transmission system may help explain the sustained neuroplastic changes induced by rTMS. This article reviews clinical advances in rTMS for depression treatment and the role of exosomes in the disease, and further explores the potential mechanism of their interaction, with the aim of providing a new perspective for the treatment of depression.

The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among adolescents has been rising steadily, making it a serious public health issue that affects young people's psychological well-being and social functioning. Although traditional treatments such as pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy have demonstrated certain efficacy, they are often limited by delayed onset of action, poor adherence, and potential side effects. In recent years, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique, has shown promising progress in the treatment of adult depressive disorders. This review summarizes the potential applications of tACS in adolescent MDD, with a focus on its clinical evidence and parameter mechanisms. Building on findings and insights from adult studies, it further proposes future research directions, aiming to provide new theoretical and practical perspectives for the intervention of adolescent depressive disorders.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease primarily localized to the mucosa and submucosa of the colorectal region. It is clinically characterized by diarrhea, bloody mucopurulent stools, abdominal pain, alternating periods of flare-ups and remission. Although its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, it is associated with multiple factors including environment, genetics, gut microbiota and immunity. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid in humans, undergoes catabolism via three major pathways: the kynurenine, indole and 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways. Diverse tryptophan metabolites modulate intestinal barrier integrity, immune responses, inflammatory processes and microbial homeostasis, thereby influencing UC progression. Investigating the interplay between tryptophan metabolic disturbances and UC may facilitate the development of novel adjuvant therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the research progress on the three pathways of tryptophan metabolism, the pathological mechanisms linking tryptophan metabolism disorders to UC, and the UC treatment strategies targeting tryptophan metabolism.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, acute and diffuse inflammatory lung injury arising from multiple etiologies, characterized by alveolar-capillary barrier disruption, pulmonary edema and hypoxemia, with mortality rates ranging from 35% to 50% among critically ill patients. Current management primarily relies on mechanical ventilation and supportive pharmacotherapy; however, there remains a lack of specific therapies for irreversible alveolar-capillary barrier damage, underscoring an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Cellular therapy has emerged as a key focus in ARDS research owing to its multi-targeted actions: in terms of immunomodulation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) secrete anti-inflammatory factors such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin (IL)-10, which inhibit the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6, and regulate immune cell homeostasis to mitigate excessive inflammatory responses; for antioxidative stress, MSCs and their exosomes restore mitochondrial function by activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway, diminish reactive oxygen species production and alleviate oxidative damage; regarding tissue repair, MSCs promote the proliferation and migration of alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, while endothelial progenitor cells home to the injury site to repair the vascular endothelium and reduce vascular permeability; in relation to antifibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects, MSCs secrete hepatocyte growth factor to inhibit the TGF-β/Smad pathway and reduce myofibroblast activation, and exosomes deliver miRNAs to suppress alveolar epithelial pyroptosis and delay the fibrotic process. Clinical studies on corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated ARDS have confirmed that MSCs, exosomes and regulatory T cells can effectively modulate inflammation and improve oxygenation, while umbilical cord blood, immunity-and-matrix regulatory cells and other cellular products, when combined with standard treatments, have demonstrated synergistic therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, cellular therapy for ARDS faces multiple challenges: therapeutic outcomes are influenced by cell source, dosage, timing of administration and patients’ baseline conditions, with limited long-term prognostic data available; safety concerns include microembolism, the tumorigenicity of iPSCs and immunogenicity issues; and standards for cell expansion, cryopreservation and quality control remain unstandardized, while the core mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects await further clarification. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis of ARDS and advances in basic and clinical research on cellular therapy, aiming to provide new insights for future treatment strategies.