To evaluate the features of carotid web (CW) by ultrasonography.

A total of 66 patients with CW were retrospectively enrolled from January 2018 to June 2019 at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. All patients were examined by both ultrasonography and CTA, and were divided into either a<50% stenosis group (54 cases) or a ≥50% stenosis group (12 cases). The ultrasonographic characteristics of CW, including the length, thickness, direction (forward or backward to the flow), acute angle between the web and carotid wall, and thrombus between the web and carotid wall were compared between the two groups. The stenosis degrees of carotid artery were compared between patients with and without ischemic stroke.

Forty-two (42/66, 63.6%) patients were diagnosed with CW by initial CDFI examination, of whom 21 (21/66, 31.8%) were diagnosed with ulcerative plaque and 3 (3/66, 4.5%) were diagnosed with carotid dissection at first but confirmed by second examination. There were no differences in the web length, thickness, direction, or thrombus detected between the two groups (P>0.05). The angle between the web and carotid wall in the<50% stenosis group was significantly smaller than that of the ≥50% stenosis group (median angel 39o vs 73o, P=0.002), and the percentage of patients with an angle≤ 60o in the<50% stenosis group was significantly higher than that of the ≥50% stenosis group (74.1% vs 41.7%, P=0.042). The diameter of the residual carotid artery at CW location in the<50% stenosis group was significantly larger and peak systolic velocity was significantly higher in the<50% stenosis group than in the≥50% stenosis group (P<0.001). The stenosis degrees of carotid artery were not statistically different between patients with and without ischemic stroke (P=0.321).

Ultrasonography can be used to evaluate the characteristics of carotid web in 2D and color mode. When the angle between the CW and carotid wall is large, the carotid artery stenosis ≥ 50% is more likely to happen, but carotid artery stenosis is not the main cause of ischemic stroke.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of sling exercise, therapeuticultrasound, therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise in patients to alleviate pain and improve lumbar function with lumbar disc herniation.

Individuals were selected from a list of patients being followed at the department of Rehabilitation in the third hospital of Hebei Medical University. 30 patients who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation were collected, the diagnoses were established upon medical history, physical examination, and results of imaging studies. The patients were randomly divided into three groups: therapeuticultrasound group received 14 sessions of ultrasonic therapy to the lumbar region, Sling exercise group received 14 sessions of sling exercise, and therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise group received therapeuticultrasound and sling exercise therapy 14 sessions of therapeuticultrasound to the lumbar region,7 sessions per week, 2 weeks. The VAS and ODI were compared with the assessment of the patients before and at the end of the therapy.

At the end of treatment, three groups VAS scores (F=3.069, P=0.043) and ODI scores (t=12.676, P<0.001) was lower than that at the beginning of treatment (P<0.05), at the end of treatment the VAS scores (F=59.400, P<0.001) and of the ODI scores (t=12.737, P<0.001) of ultrasonic and sling exercise therapy group was lower than the other group, the difference is significantly.

All three groups could reduce pain and improve lumbar function, and the ultrasonic and sling exercise therapy was most effective for lumbar disc herniation treatment in the three groups.

To analyze the treatment of different types of traumatic cerebral infarction in children, and explore its pathogenesis in combination with literature so as to improve the cure rate and reduce disability rate.

The clinical data of 42 cases of traumatic cerebral infarction in children were retrospectively analyzed in The Hospital of 81^st Group Army PLA from January 2015 to December 2019. The diagnosis of traumatic cerebral infarction in children was made by CT scan and MRI scan. According to different conditions, children with traumatic cerebral infarction were classified, and different treatment strategies were selected. Children with lacunar infarction were treated with calcium antagonists and neurotrophic drugs, supplemented by hyperbaric oxygen and exercise rehabilitation. The children of focal cerebral infarction and complex cerebral infarction treated by junior dehydrant and hormone also included the calcium antagonist and nutritional nerve drugs. The therapeutic regimen perhaps adjusted by the evolution of the disease. The children of extensive cerebral infarction underwent emergency cranial decompression, and was treated by reducing intracranial pressure and preventing complications after operation. The treatment results and recovery were observed.

In 42 cases of traumatic cerebral infarction in children, 35 cases (83.3%) were good recovery, 4 cases (9.5%) were moderate disability, 2 cases (4.8%) were severe disability, 1 case (2.4%) died, and no vegetative state. The good recovery rate of lacunar infarction was 100%, that of focal cerebral infarction was 62.5%, that of mixed cerebral infarction was 60%, and that of extensive cerebral infarction was 50%.

It is of great significance to improve the therapeutic effect and prognosis of children with traumatic cerebral infarction to adopt different treatment schemes for different types of cerebral infarction.

To characterize the patients with supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the Tibetan Plateau over an altitude of 4000 meters.

A total of 68 cases with supratentorial hypertensive ICH were retrospectively included in Ali Regional People’s Hospital from January 2017 to September 2018. The clinical and laboratory data were collected. A simple linear correlation analysis was applied to analyze the correlation between the amount of bleeding and sex, age, nationality, time from onset , systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hemoglobin (Hb), serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol. According to computed tomography (CT) findings, 68 cases were divided into the basal ganglia ICH group (33 cases) and the lobar ICH group (35 cases). The characteristics between two groups were analyzed using t-test or χ² test.

The data of sex, age, nationality, time from onset, SBP, DBP, Hb, TG, and cholesterol of 68 cases on admission did not show any definitive correlation with the hematoma volumes (P＞0.05). The SBP and DBP of patients in the basal ganglia ICH group were significantly higher than that in the lobar ICH group, respectively [(184.9±28.5) mmHg vs (164.6±24.4) mmHg; (113.0±18.1) mmHg vs (103.0±18.4) mmHg] (t=0.499, 0.486; P=0.002, 0.033).

The relevant factors of hematoma volumes in patients with ICH in plateau area were not yet clear. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure of patients in the basal ganglia ICH group was higher than that in those in lobar ICH group.

To compare the efficacy evaluation of electrospun composite biomaterials and a porcine small intestine submucosa mesh for hernia repair.

A randomized, single-blind, controlled multicenter trial was performed in 3 hospitals in Shanghai. Eligible adult patients with primary unilateral reducible groin hernias were randomly assigned (1∶1) to electrospun composite biomaterials (experimental group) or porcine small intestine submucosa (control group) mesh groups. Patients were treated with the tARB technique and assessed at 1,3 and 6 months after the surgery. The primary endpoint was hernia recurrence. The secondary endpoints were postoperative complications including groin pain and operative site infections.

172 patients were assigned to experimental (n=86) and control (n=86) groups. At 6 months follow-up, postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (5/86, 5.95%) and 2 (2/86, 2.35%) patients in the control and experimental groups, respectively (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS or SVS score between the two groups.

We demonstrate that electrospun composite biomaterial mesh can be used as a ideal choice for inguinal hernia repair. Electrospun composite biomaterial has the characteristics of low recurrence rate, absorbability and long-term comfort.It can be further applied in clinical practice in the future.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)remains one of the most complicated hepatobiliary operations. The development of minimally invasive surgery for PD has always been an hot spot. Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD) has not been widespread carried out due to its difficulty and long learning curve. LPD accounts for 9% of all PD, according to the National Cancer Data base. Compared with laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery system has significant advantages in the field of minimally invasive PD, including stereotactic amplified vision, filtering hand tremor and simulating the wrist. The article would review the surgical techniques and notes, which could provide clinical reference for other surgeons.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) usually provides hemodynamic support for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) and cardiac arrest, ensuring organ perfusion and leaving time for revascularization and reperfusion. Although ECMO technology is developing rapidly, it still faces many challenges in clinical practice. Through the analysis of key studies on VA-ECMO at home and abroad in recent years, this article summarizes the progress of VA-ECMO and its combination strategy, the key points of prevention and management of major complications, the standardized withdrawal process and prognosis evaluation, and explore the value of clinical application and development trend in future, aim to provide reference for optimizing individualized treatment decisions. In the future, we can focus on three major directions: etiological stratification research, complication technology research, and AI-driven individual decision-making. As a result, it will realize the shift from "generalized support" to "precise intervention", maximize the balance of risks and benefits and establish a more accurate ECMO management system.

The vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) was developed to equivalently quantify the dosage of various vasoactive and inotropic agents, enabling a real-time, dynamic, direct, and objective assessment of disease severity, the intensity of pharmacological support, and hemodynamic status. In recent years, the VIS has been increasingly applied in clinical practice, particularly in the management of sepsis. This article reviews and synthesizes current evidence on the association between the VIS and the outcomes in sepsis, aiming to elucidate the prognostic value of the VIS. By consolidating this knowledge, this review seeks to assist clinicians in early identification of disease severity, prognostic stratification, and guidance of therapeutic strategies for sepsis patients.

The dysregulated inflammatory response is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in septic patients. Distinct subpopulations of macrophages, namely monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs), tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TRAMs), and pulmonary interstitial macrophages (PIMs), exhibit disparate functional profiles and exert varying impacts on the development of ARDS. Various therapeutic modalities have been proposed to target the three types of pulmonary macrophages mentioned above, encompassing interventions aimed at curtailing the generation of Mo-AMs, mitigating the hyperactivation of TRAM-mediated inflammation, and augmenting the anti-inflammatory capacities of PIMs. This review critically examines the functional paradigms of these pulmonary macrophage subtypes in the inflammatory pathogenesis of ARDS, thereby delineating avenues for further investigation and therapeutic exploration in ARDS management.

To investigate the effects of rat amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (R-AMSCs) on blood glucose and pancreatic tissue in type 1 diabetes (T1D) model rats.

Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) were isolated from the placentas of pregnant rats at 17-19 days of gestation. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expressions of stem cell surface markers (CD29, CD34, CD45, CD73), immunofluorescence was performed to identify vimentin expression, and trilineage differentiation (osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic) was induced to evaluate the multipotency. Twenty-four adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), which named control, T1D (model), and T1D + R-AMSCs (intervention) respectively. The T1D model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg). One week after successful modeling, the rats in intervention group were received tail vein injections of 5 × 10⁶ R-AMSCs (once per week for 3 weeks), while the control and model groups received equal volumes of PBS. 2 weeks after the intervention, blood and pancreatic tissue were collected after anesthesia with isoflurane. The expression levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide, the pathological changes of pancreatic tissue, as well as the expression levels of mRNA and protein of Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effects of R-AMSCs. The differences among multiple groups were compared with ANOVA test, and the LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Repeated measures design quantitative data were analyzed using repeated measures design analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni post hoc tests.

R-AMSCs were successfully isolated using enzymatic digestion. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (vimentin-positive), and trilineage differentiation confirmed their stem cell characteristics. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the level of serum insulin [ (5.48 ± 1.51) vs (11.18 ± 2.42) mU/L] and C-peptide levels in model group were decreased significantly [ (149.88 ± 14.19) vs (199.35 ± 22.10) pg/mL] (P < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of serum insulin [ (7.67 ± 1.33) vs (5.48 ± 1.51) mU/L] and C-peptide levels [ (176.04 ± 17.88) vs (149.88 ± 14.19) pg/mL] in the intervention group were significant higher compared to the model group (P < 0.05). HE staining of pancreatic tissue showed that the pancreatic morphologtical structure and insulin expression in the intervention group were improved compared to the model group. Compared with the control group, the expression level of Ngn3 mRNA (0.57 ± 0.15 vs 1.00 ± 0.18), protein (0.80 ± 0.04 vs 1.11 ± 0.08) as well as PDX mRNA (0.47 ± 0.08 vs 1.00 ± 0.11), protein (0.84 ± 0.13 vs 1.19 ± 0.06), mRNA and protein were significant lower than those in model group (all P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression levels of Ngn3 mRNA (0.87 ± 0.06 vs 0.57 ± 0.15) and protein (1.03 ± 0.11 vs 0.80 ± 0.04), as well as PDX-1 mRNA (0.71 ± 0.14 vs 0.47 ± 0.08) and protein (1.12 ± 0.11 vs 0.84 ± 0.13) in the intervention group were increased (all P < 0.05) .

Three weeks of R-AMSCs treatment could reduce the blood glucose levels effectively, improve the pathological morphology of the pancreas, and up-regulate the expression of key pancreatic transcription factors (Ngn3 and PDX-1) as well as serum insulin and C-peptide levels in T1D model rats, indicating a potential therapeutic effect of R-AMSCs on T1D.

Establish the mouse models of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after H-2 haploidentical (haplo-HSCT) and MHC incompatible allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and observe the pathological changes of different organs after HSCT, laying a foundation for mechanism research.

By administering the recipient mice with a dose of 8 Gy dose of ⁶⁰Coγ rays as the pretreatment protocol, using male C57BL/6 (H-2K^b) as the donor mice and female BALB /C (H-2K^d) as the recipient mice, 200 μL of suspension of bone marrow cells (5 × 10⁶/ mouse) and spleen monocytes (1 × 10⁷/ mouse) was reinfused via the tail vein within 2 hours to construct an animal model of aGVHD after allo-HSCT with MHC mismatch. Under the same pretreatment conditions, male C57BL/6 (H-2K^b) was used as the donor mouse and female[C57BL/6 × BALB/C]F1 (H-2K ^b/d) was used as the recipient mouse, and 200 μL of bone marrow cells (5 × 10⁶/ mouse) and spleen monocytes (1 × 10⁷/ mouse) were infused back into the tail vein within 2 hours to construct an animal model of aGVHD after haplo-HSCT. The two recipients were divided into TBI group, TBI plus allo-HSCT group (aGVHD model group). The two groups were given healthy mice of the same age as controls. The survival rate, clinical score and body mass changes of mice were observed, the pathological changes of organs (lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, skin and intestines) were observed by HE staining. Data analysis was conducted using the independent samples t-test for inter-group comparisons. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison between groups.

Compared with the healthy control group, the survival rate and body weight in both two aGVHD groups were decreased significantly, while the clinical score were increased (6.18 ± 0.23 vs 0, 5.14 ± 0.38 vs 0), and the pathological damage of organs was severe (P < 0.01). The mice in two TBI groups showed a decreased in appetite and activity, but did not have typical aGVHD manifestations. Compared with the TBI group, the clinical score of the aGVHD group was significantly higher (6.18 ± 0.23 vs 1.82 ± 0.11, 5.14 ± 0.38 vs 1.45 ± 0.23). Compared with the mice in the MHC-incompatible aGVHD group, the pathological observation of mice in the aGVHD group after haplo-HSCT showed that the organ damage was mild, the difference in kidney and skin were statistically significant (3.67 ± 0.32 vs 2.60 ± 0.25, 7.50 ± 0.38 vs 6.00 ± 0.32), while the difference in lung, liver, spleen and intestines was not statistically significant, and the survival time of mice in the aGVHD group was prolonged after haplo-HSCT.

Using TBI as the pretreatment regimen, C57BL/6 (H-2^b) as the donor mouse, BALB/C and CB6F1 (H-2^b/d) as the recipient mouse, the aGVHD model could be stably constructed, and the immune rejection and organ damage were more severe in MHC incompatible HSCT compared with haplo-HSCT.

Phenyl-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PMSN) -loaded immunomodulator Resiquimod (R848) was prepared to investigate whether PMSN-R848 could repolarize M2-type macrophages to M1-type.

Mesoporous silica (MSN) was prepared by calcination, Phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) was added to modify MSN with phenyl and loaded with R848 to obtain PMSN-R848 nanoparticles. The drug loading efficiency of R848 on PMSN was calculated by measuring the R848 standard curve using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader. The structure of PMSN and PMSN-R848 was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of PMSN-R848 was assessed via the CCK-8 assay. Fluorescence electron microscopy (FEM) was employed to detect the colocalization of PMSN-R848 with macrophage lysosomes. Flow cytometry was performed to determine whether PMSN-R848 could repolarize macrophages. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison between groups.

The drug loading rate of PMSN loaded with R848 was (36.97 ± 5.80) %, the PMSN transmission electron microscope showed a spherical structure with pores, adsorbed particles could be seen on the surface of the spherical structure of PMSN-R848, PMSN-R848 was non-cytotoxic and could be well localized in macrophage lysosomes, and M2 macrophages were repolarized to the M1 phenotype after co-incubation with PMSN-R848.

The PMSN loaded with R848 could effectively repolarize M2 macrophages to M1.

To investigate the targeting relationship between LncRNA Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) and miR-145-5p, and its effects on H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.

Serum samples were collected from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (AMI group) and healthy individuals (control group). RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression levels of PVT1 and miR-145-5p. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were cultured and divided into NC group, H₂O₂ group, H₂O₂+si-NC group, H₂O₂+si-PVT1 group, H₂O₂+si-PVT1+anti-miR-NC group, and H₂O₂+si-PVT1+anti-miR-145-5p group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of PVT1 and miR-145-5p in H9C2 of each group. CCK-8 and immunofluorescence were used to detect the proliferation ability of H9C2 cells in each group. Flow cytometry, AO/EB staining, and Caspase-3 activity were used to assess apoptosis of H9C2 cells in each group. The DCFH-DA probe method and reagent kit were used to measure the oxidative stress of H9C2 cells in each group. In addition, dual luciferase activity and RIP assay were used to detect the targeting relationship between PVT1 and miR-145-5p in H9C2 cells. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparisons among multiple groups, and SNK-q test was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations between variables.

Compared to the control group, the expression level of PVT1 was significantly up regulated (1.80 ± 0.58 vs 1.08 ± 0.34, P < 0.05) in AMI patients, while the expression level of miR-145-5p was significantly downregulated (0.52 ± 0.16 vs 1.02 ± 0.32, P < 0.05), and the expression of PVT1 and miR-145-5p were negatively correlated (r = -0.612, P < 0.05). PVT1 is primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Compared to the NC group, H₂O₂ treatment could significantly up-regulated the expression of PVT1 (2.35 ± 0.49 vs 1.01 ± 0.08, P < 0.05), cell apoptosis rate[ (32.16 ± 5.06) %vs (5.16 ± 0.45) %, P < 0.05], AO/EB apoptosis rate[ (40.24 ± 6.16) %vs (6.49 ± 0.97) %, P < 0.05], Caspase-3 activity [ (70.54 ± 9.16) vs (15.98 ± 1.69) U/mL, P < 0.05]and enhance the oxidative stress levels, including a significant increase in ROS fluorescence intensity (423.87 ± 45.16 vs 98.33 ± 11.36, P < 0.05), LDH activity[ (375.69 ± 30.16) vs (132.56 ± 18.63) U/L, P < 0.05], and MDAcontent [ (16.98 ± 2.36) vs (3.69 ± 0.51) nmol/mL, P < 0.05]. Conversely, H₂O₂ treatment significantly inhibited miR-145-5p expression (0.25 ± 0.04 vs 1.04 ± 0.06, P < 0.05) and cell proliferation capacity, specifically manifested as decreased OD value (0.34 ± 0.06 vs 0.83 ± 0.09, P < 0.05) and Ki67 positive rate [ (21.09 ± 4.03) % vs (68.96 ± 8.65) %, P < 0.05]. Knocking down PVT1 (H₂O₂+si-PVT1 group) reversed the effects induced by H₂O₂ (all P < 0.05). In contrast, inhibiting miR-145-5p (H₂O₂+si-PVT1+anti-miR-145-5p group) partially counteracted the protective effect conferred by PVT1 knockdown, thereby re-aggravating apoptosis and oxidative stress, and suppressing proliferation (all P < 0.05). Dual-luciferase and RIP assays confirmed that PVT1 can directly target and bind to miR-145-5p (P < 0.05) .

PVT1 promotes H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in H9C2 cardiomyocytes by targeting and negatively regulating miR-145-5p.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by persistently high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin secretion or impaired insulin effects. Among the current treatment options, insulinrequires frequent injection, which seriously reduces the quality in life of patients; although pancreatic transplantation may cure the disease, the scarcity of donors and potential risk of strong immune rejection pose significant challenges. To overcome these obstacles, an increasing number of studies have focused on transplanting insulin-producing islet cells encapsulated in hydrogels for the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, this review summarizes the relevant strategies for using hydrogel-encapsulated islet cells in the cellular therapy of diabetes and elaborates in detail from four aspects: cell sources, material selection, encapsulation methods, and current challenges. Finally, the development prospects of islet encapsulation technology are also discussed.

In recent years, immunotherapy has made remarkable advances in cancer treatment, with adoptive cellular immunotherapy gaining increasing attention in both solid and hematologic malignancies. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), identified after lymphokine-activated killer cells, represent a novel population of immune-active cells that exhibit strong specificity and efficacy without the need for extensive interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction. This review summarizes the biological characteristics of TIL, highlights the challenges associated with their clinical application, examines recent advances in both solid and hematologic malignancies, and outlines potential future directions in the field.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have shown significant potential in the field of neural injury repair due to their high proliferation capacity, low immunogenicity and easy accessibility. It has been demonstrated that hUC-MSCs can effectively attenuate neural functional damage through multiple pathways, such as promoting neural differentiation, exerting paracrine effects and regulating the immune microenvironment. This article aims to review the latest research progress and potential mechanisms of hUC-MSCs in the treatment of neurological diseases, and to prospect their future clinical application prospects, providing new ideas for the development of neural regenerative medicine.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulation of the host's response to infection, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The liver is a key metabolic and immune organ in the progression of sepsis, and sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI) is an independent predictor of mortality in sepsis patients. Hepatic dysfunction can severely impair their prognosis, and alleviating SALI is crucial for reducing the mortality of sepsis patients. The pathogenesis of SALI is complex, and pyroptosis, as a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death, plays a key role in it. Pyroptosis is regulated through classical (NLRP3-caspase-1-GSDMD) and non-classical (caspase-4/5/11-GSDMD) pathways. The pyroptosis of different cell types in the liver, such as hepatocytes, hepatic macrophages, and neutrophils, can participate in the process of SALI through mechanisms such as inflammation amplification and microcirculatory disturbance. At present, some existing hepatoprotective drugs in clinical practice have been proven to have anti-pyroptotic effects. Some natural compounds, synthetic drugs, endogenous active molecules, and stem cell therapy can also alleviate SALI by regulating pyroptosis pathways. In conclusion, pyroptosis is a key mechanism of SALI, and in-depth exploration of its regulatory mechanisms and intervention drugs can provide new strategies for the precise prevention and treatment of SALI.

3D-Slicer is a medical imaging analysis and visualization tool that has the advantages of being free and open-source, easy to operate, and widely used in multidisciplinary diagnosis, treatment, and surgery. In the field of neurosurgery in China, 3D-Slicer can integrate DICOM information from CT and MRI to generate multi view 3D models of cranial lesions, assisting physicians in accurately locating preoperative lesions and achieving precise treatment, can be used for diagnosis and surgical treatment of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease, intracranial tumors, and functional neurosurgical fields. In addition, 3D-Slicer is also used for surgical teaching of neurosurgery students, which can effectively enhance their learning interest and spatial thinking ability. This article provides a comprehensive review of the core advantages of 3D-Slicer in medical applications, as well as the current status of its clinical and educational use in Neurosurgery, and proposes potential future directions for technological innovation.